95% confidence interval
ช่วงความเชื่อมั่น 95%A range likely to contain the true value. If two groups’ ranges overlap a lot, we cannot yet say they really differ.
Why it matters hereUsed in the inside-vs-outside community forest chart. Chapter 02 Fire season → Air Quality Index (AQI)
AQI ดัชนีคุณภาพอากาศA single number and colour band combining several pollutants to communicate health risk simply.
Why it matters hereMost air-quality apps show this value. Take action → Burn scar
พื้นที่เผาไหม้Land that has already burned, measured from changes in satellite imagery after a fire.
Why it matters hereTwo sources still disagree on the 2024 figure. Data: limitations → Central fund
งบกลางMoney set aside in the national budget for emergencies; agencies must apply and get approval before using it.
Why it matters hereThe FY2025 wildfire central fund was 620.7 million baht. Chapter 05 Does the money reach the forest? → Feed maize
ข้าวโพดเลี้ยงสัตว์Maize grown to sell as animal feed. In Nan it is often planted on steep slopes, and clearing plots with fire is a major source of smoke.
Why it matters hereIt grew from 60,597 to 127,754 ha in Nan in 2007–2010. Chapter 04 Livelihoods and the forest → Firebreak
แนวกันไฟA strip cleared of leaves and fuel so that ground fire cannot cross it, usually cut before the fire season.
Why it matters hereIt is a main community task before March. Chapter 01 Forests in community hands → Fiscal year
ปีงบประมาณThailand’s fiscal year runs from 1 October to 30 September the following year.
20242025
OctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSep
Fire season Jan–May (Mar–Apr held 66% of hotspots, 2018–2024)Why it matters hereThe January–May fire season falls mid-fiscal-year. Chapter 05 Does the money reach the forest? → GISTDA
Thailand’s Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency, which publishes national hotspot and burned-area data.
Why it matters hereOne of the main sources for Chapter 02. Data: datasets → Hotspot
จุดความร้อนA satellite pixel that is unusually hot when the satellite passes over. It shows where a fire probably is, not how much area burned.
Why it matters hereNan had 4,048 hotspots in the 2025 fire season. Chapter 02 Fire season → HYSPLIT
A NOAA model that traces the path of air masses backward or forward in time.
Why it matters hereIt will show smoke paths from Nan in the analysis phase. Chapter 03 Smoke travels far → Local administrative organisation (LAO)
อปท.Local government units such as sub-district administrative organisations and municipalities, which handle local fire prevention.
Why it matters hereIn FY2025, 90 LAOs received grants totalling 122 million baht. Chapter 05 Does the money reach the forest? → MODIS
An older sensor at about 1 km resolution. It detects fewer small fires than VIIRS, so counts are not directly comparable.
Why it matters hereWhy we do not compare 2019 figures directly. Data: limitations → National reserve forest
ป่าสงวนแห่งชาติForest designated by the state under the National Reserved Forest Act, managed by the Royal Forest Department.
Why it matters here46% of Nan’s 2024 hotspots were in reserve forest. Chapter 02 Fire season → PM2.5
Particles 2.5 micrometres or smaller — about 30 times thinner than a human hair — that can reach deep into the lungs and bloodstream.
Why it matters hereWildfire smoke is a major source in the dry season. Chapter 03 Smoke travels far → Protected forest
ป่าอนุรักษ์Protected areas such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, managed by the Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation.
Why it matters here44% of Nan’s 2024 hotspots were in protected forest. Chapter 02 Fire season → Rai
ไร่A Thai unit of area: 1 rai = 1,600 m², and 6.25 rai = 1 hectare.
1 rai = 40 × 40 m = 1,600 m²1 hectare = 100 × 100 m = 6.25 raiDrawn to scaleWhy it matters hereNan’s community forests total about 1.18 million rai. Chapter 01 Forests in community hands → Thailand’s PM2.5 standard
ค่ามาตรฐาน PM2.5 ของไทยThe 24-hour average must not exceed 37.5 µg/m³, in effect since 1 June 2023 (previously 50 µg/m³).
Why it matters hereIt defines which days count as above the standard. Chapter 03 Smoke travels far → VIIRS
A sensor on the Suomi NPP and NOAA-20 satellites that detects fires at 375-metre resolution.
Why it matters hereHotspot counts for 2023–2026 are at this resolution. Data: datasets → µg/m³
Micrograms per cubic metre, the unit for particle concentration in air.
Why it matters hereNan’s highest 2024 reading was 143 µg/m³. Chapter 03 Smoke travels far →
